Chen, Xueyu
Zhao, Xuezhen
Fei, Haicheng
Zhang, Yixin
Pang, Jinhong
Liu, Zhang
Wang, Wenjuan
Qiao, Jianhong
Xu, Cuiping
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024QH624)
Article History
Received: 21 September 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 14 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The CHARLS study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles, approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (approval numbers: IRB00001052-11015 for household survey and IRB00001052-11014 for blood sample), and all participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement.
: The authors declare no competing interests.