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Authors
Bélanger, Noémie https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9267-8788
Zeid, Silav
Velmeden, David https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3714-312X
Schulz, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-680X
Koeck, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-8917
Rausch, Felix https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7328-1056
Fooß, Benedikt
Kazemi-Asrar, Fawad https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8245-8243
Lackner, Karl J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-7931
Gori, Tommaso https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-6707
Münzel, Tommaso https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5503-4150
Prochaska, Jürgen H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5078-9992
Simon, Perikles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7996-4034
Wild, Philipp S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9752
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 6 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: All investigations were assessed by the relevant ethics committees before and over the course of the study (reference number 837.319.12 [8420-F]).
: Not applicable.
: There are no conflicts of interest reported regarding this work. Outside the submitted work, P.S. Wild reports grants from Bayer AG, non-financial grants from Philips Medical Systems, grants and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and consulting fees from Novartis Pharma, grants and consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis, grants, consulting and lecturing fees from Bayer Health Care, grants and consulting fees from Daiichi Sankyo Europe, lecturing fees from Pfizer Pharma, lecturing fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, consulting fees from Astra Zeneca, consulting fees and non-financial support from Diasorin and non-financial support from IEM. PSW is funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Ministry of Science and Health of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate (EFRE/REACT-EU, Grant No. 84007232 and No. 84009735), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503, 81Z0210103, 81Z0210102, 03ZU1202AA, 03ZU1202CD, 03ZU1202DB, 03ZU1202JC, 03ZU1202KB, 03ZU1202LB, 03ZU1202MB, 03ZU1202OA), Ministry of Science and Health of the State of Rhineland Palatinate (MWG RLP 724-0010#2021/0030-1501), the ReALity Initiative of the Life Sciences of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz for the establishment of a cell bank, the National Research Network University Medicine on Covid-19 (”NaFoUniMedCovid19”, Grant No. 01KX2021) B-FAST, and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA, F2447 / 537727) outside the present work. PSW is principal investigator of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), principal investigator of the DIASyM research core (BMBF DIASyM research core (BMBF 161L0217A, 031L0217A, 16LW0241K), of the future cluster curATime (BMBF 03ZU1202AA, 03ZU1202CD, 03ZU1202DB, 03ZU1202JC, 03ZU1202KB, 03ZU1202LB, 03ZU1202MB, and 03ZU1202OA) principal investigator of EPIC-AI (BMBF 01EQ2401A) and principal investigator of Multi-dimensionAI (CZS-Project number: P2022-08-010), funded by the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung.J.H. Prochaska has received honoraria for lectures from Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo GmbH, and Sanofi-Aventis GmbH as well as research grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503) and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) outside the topic of the present study. J.H. Prochaska is currently an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim and the University Medical Center Mainz.
