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Article History

Received: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 23 December 2025

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: GENEDIAB, GENESIS and SURGENE cohort complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol for each cohort was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Angers in France. All participants provided written informed consent prior to the start of the study.

: Not applicable.

: M.C. reports personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, and Pierre Fabre. LP reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. S.H. reports personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, MSD, and Servier, grants and personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Valbiotis, and Novartis, grants from Dinno Santé and Pierre Fabre Santé, non-financial support from LVL. A.S. reports personal fees and non-financial supports from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. MM reports personal fees for lectures from Novo-Nordisk, Sevier, and Ajanta. PJS reports personal fees and non-financial support from Novo Nordisk, Abbott, Sanofi, and AstraZeneca. K.M. reports consulting fees from Novo Nordisk; honoraria for lectures, presentations, or speaker bureaus from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Lifescan, Abbott, and Bayer; and participation to Advisory Board from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Amarin. There are no further conflicts of interest to declare.