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Authors
Chow, Edith W. K.
Fan, Yingnan
Wu, Hongjiang
Lau, Eric S. H.
Yang, Aimin
Chow, Elaine
Kong, Alice P. S.
Ma, Ronald C. W.
Chan, Juliana C. N.
Luk, Andrea O. Y.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (AoE/M-401/24-R)
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was obtained from the Joint-Chinese University of Hong Kong-New territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee. The need for informed consent was waived, given the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymised clinical data.
: Not applicable.
: JC has received research grants through her affiliated institutions and/or honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Hua Medicine, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, Sanofi, Viatris and ZP Therapeutics. AK has received research grants and/or speaker honoraria from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Biomea Fusion Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli-Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nestle, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi and Zuellig Pharma. RCWM reported receiving grants and/or honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Takeda. AL reported receiving grants and/or honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. EC has received institutional research support and/or honoraria for giving lectures for Sanofi, Novartis, Medtronic Diabetes, Powder Pharmaceuticals Inc. The proceeds have been donated to The Chinese University of Hong Kong, American Diabetes Association and other charity organizations to support diabetes research and education. EWK has received travel sponsorship by Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. The remaining authors report no potential conflict of interest.
