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Authors
Niu, Ze-Jiaxin
Liu, Zi-Ang
Wei, Tian
Dou, Meng
Tian, Pu-Xun
Cui, Ying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (2025SF-YBXM-268)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270791)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 24 January 2026
Declarations
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: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a publicly available national cohort. The original CHARLS survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052–11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion. This analysis was performed in strict compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted using anonymized data, and all procedures adhered to relevant ethical guidelines for the use of human subject data.
: Not applicable.
: DeepSeek AI was employed for language refinement during the preparation of this manuscript. The tool assisted in enhancing the clarity and fluency of the textual content. All AI-generated content underwent thorough review and editing by the authors to ensure accuracy and appropriateness. The authors assume full responsibility for the final content, interpretation of results, and scholarly claims presented in this publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
