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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Christoph Wanner received honoraria for steering committee and Adboard participation as well as lecturing from Alexion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Vera Therapeutics. Francesco Cosentino served on the advisory boards of Merck Sharp and Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer and as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Neopharmed, Berlin Chemie. Katharine Barnard-Kelly is founder and shareholder at Spotlight-AQ Ltd. Katharine Barnard-Kelly has received research support from Dexcom, Embecta, JDRF, Novo Nordisk and Roche Diabetes Care, and honoraria from Sanofi. Tadej Battelino has served on the advisory boards of Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dreamed Diabetes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indigo Diabetes, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Tadej Battelino has received speaker’s bureau honoraria from Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and Sanofi. The University Medical Center has received research grant support from Abbott, GluSense, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Zealand Pharma. Matthias Blüher received honoraria for lectures and as consultant from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Helena N. Boll is an employee of Sciarc GmbH. Frank C. Brosius is a consultant for MAKSCIENTIFIC. Luca Busetto has nothing reported. Antonio Ceriello reports consulting and speaking for Abbott, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cipla, Hikamar Pharma, Guidotti, Eli Lilly, MSD, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier, SUN Pharma. James R. Gavin III has served on the advisory boards of Abbott Diabetes Care and Embecta, and on the speaker’s bureaus of Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company. Francesco Giorgino has served on the advisory boards of AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi and as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, LifeScan, Medimmune, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Roche Diabetes Care and Sanofi. FG has also received research support from Eli Lilly and Company and Roche Diabetes Care. Jennifer Green has nothing reported. Linong Ji declares that he has no competing interests. Monika Kellerer has served on advisory boards of Abbott Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. Sue Koob has nothing reported. Nebojsa Lalic declares that he has no competing interests. Nikolaus Marx has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and MSD, speaking fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi-Aventis and has served or serves on the advisory board of Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi-Aventis. All honoraria are paid to the Aachen University Hospital. Prashant Nedungadi has nothing reported. Christopher G. Parkin has nothing reported. Helena W. Rodbard provides consulting to Bayer, Endogenex, Gan and Lee, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Kriya Therapeutics, Skye Bioscience, Pacira, Yonis, and Sanofi. She engages in lecturing on behalf of Eli Lilly. She conducts clinical trials with support from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Medtronic/MiniMed. Lars Rydén declares that he has no competing interests related to this work. Banshi Saboo has nothing reported. Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu has nothing reported. Eberhard Standl reports personal fees from Oxford Diabetes Trials Unit, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, Merck Serono, EXCEMED, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Frank Tacke’s lab has received research grants (funding to the institution) from AstraZeneca, MSD, Gilead, Agomab; he has received honoraria for consulting or lectures from Gilead, Abbvie, Falk, AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Madrigal, MSD, GSK, Ipsen, Mirum, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. Pinar Topsever served on Advisory Boards of Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbott and LifeScan, and has served on the speaker’s bureau for AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk. Pinar Topsever received grant/research support from PCDE, made possible by corporate sponsorship from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics; the sponsors had no input into the study protocols. Oliver Schnell is founder and CEO at Sciarc GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany.