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Authors
Lin, Yiming
Tao, Juan
Wang, Haogeng
Guan, Hui
Liu, Xuhua
Dong, Xueyan
Gao, Wulin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82204942)
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics ethics review board. The UK English Longitudinal Study of Ageing was approved by the London Multicenter Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Informed consent was obtained from each subject in these three cohorts.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
