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Authors
Mertens, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-4113
Stoop, Tibor
Dirinck, Eveline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-2210
Francque, Sven https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7527-4714
Heuten, Hilde
De Block, Christophe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0679-3203
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent (44430)
BASL
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1802154N)
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Antwerp University Hospital (Belgian registration number: B3002021000052) and was conducted according to the amended Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion.
: JM has received unconditional research grants from Astra Zeneca and Boehringer-Ingelheim. HH has received unconditional research grants from Abbott, Medtronic, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Pfizer-BMS; and payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, Speaker Bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bayer, Biotronik, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Milestone Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer-BMS, Centrix India, CTI Germany, the European Society of Cardiology, Medscape, and Springer Healthcare Ltd. SF has been lecturer for AbbVie, Allergan, Bayer, Eisai, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, Janssens Cilag, Intercept, Inventiva, Merck Sharp & Dome, Novo Nordisk, Promethera, Siemens. He has acted as consultant for AbbVie, Actelion, Aelin Therapeutics, AgomAb, Aligos Therapeutics, Allergan, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristoll-Meyers Squibb, CSL Behring, Coherus, Echosens, Eisai, Enyo, Galapagos, Galmed, Genetech, Genfit, Genflow Bio, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Inventiva, Janssens Pharmaceutica, Julius Clinical, Madrigal, Medimmune, Merck Sharp & Dome, NGM Bio, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PRO.MED.CS, Promethera, Roche. His institution has received grants from Astellas, Falk Pharma, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, GlympsBio, Janssens Pharmaceutica, Inventiva, Merck Sharp & Dome, Pfizer, Roche. CDB has received consulting fees and honoraria for speaking from: Abbott, A. Menarini Diagnostics, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. The other authors have nothing to declare.
