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Authors
Zhang, Yuting
Liu, Bei
Zhu, Yuan
Xie, Yaofei
Du, Yanling
Xiong, Peng
Lyu, Qiyuan
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Article History
Received: 18 January 2026
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 15 March 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) and was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement in the CHARLS study. This research adhered to the STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies in epidemiology.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
