Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 December 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the ethical guidelines for secondary analysis of de-identified public datasets. This study utilized four publicly available critical care databases: MIMIC-III CareVue, MIMIC-IV, and eICU Collaborative Research Database, all accessed through PhysioNet. These databases contain de-identified health information that was collected under appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. The use of these databases for research purposes has been approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA, USA) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA). As this study involved only retrospective analysis of de-identified data from publicly available sources, no additional ethical approval was required. All investigators completed the CITI Data or Specimens Only Research training required by PhysioNet and signed data use agreements prior to accessing the databases. Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.