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Article History

Received: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: OS (Oliver Schnell) is the founder and CEO of Sciarc and reports consulting, speaking, or serving on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, MSD, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, and Wörwag Pharma. AA (Arnav Argawal) has nothing reported. MA (Michel Azizi) has nothing reported. DB (Dennis Ballwieser) reports no conflicts of interest. KBK (Katharine Barnard-Kelly) is a founder and shareholder of Spotlight-AQ and a Director of WellFight non-profit. She has received research funding from Dexcom, Lilly, Abbott, Braun Institute, EU Horizons, and honoraria from Abbott, Dexcom, and Embecta. TB (Tadej Battelino) has nothing reported. MB (Matthias Blüher) received honoraria as a consultant and speaker from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi–Sankyo, Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and reports chairing a Clinical Trial Data Safety Monitoring Board for Boehringer Ingelheim. EB (Elisabetta Bugianesi) is a consultant for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer, and MSD. ACb (Ana Cebrian) declares funding to conduct clinical trials from MSD and Sanofi (all to the IMIB institute); she received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; payment of honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Menarini, MSD, Sanofi and Novo Nordisk. ACr (Antonio Ceriello) has received honoraria by Abbott, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cipla, Hikamar Pharma, Guidotti, Eli Lilly, MSD, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier, and SUN Pharma. PC (Pratik Choudhary) has nothing reported. TD (Thomas Danne) has nothing reported. CMD (Colin M. Dayan) has nothing reported. SDP (Stefano Del Prato) has nothing reported. RHE (Robert H. Eckel) has nothing reported. PF (Paola Fioretto) has nothing reported. TG (Timothy Garvey) has nothing reported. JBG’s (Jennifer B. Green) research is supported by Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, GentiBio, Cour, and Metsera. JBG consulted Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corcept, Vertex, Valo, vTv, Lilly, Merck, Mineralys, Novo Nordisk, Zealand, Idorsia, and Sparrow. HJLH (Hiddo J.L. Heerspink) has nothing reported. RRH (Rury R. Holman) has nothing reported. BI (Baruch Itzhak) has nothing reported. SJ (Stephan Jacob) has nothing reported. PSJ (Pardeep S. Jhund) reports speakers’ fees from AstraZeneca, ProAdWise Communications; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Bayer AG; research funding from AstraZeneca, Analog Devices Inc, Roche Diagnostics. PSJ’s employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis and Novo Nordisk, and is a Director of GCTP Ltd. LJ (Linong Ji) reports receiving consulting or lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Bayer, Sanofi-Aventis, MSD, AstraZeneca, Boehinger Ingelheim, Abbott, Fosun Pharma, Innovent Biologics, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Sinocare, and Sibionics. PKJ (Parminder K. Judge) declares a grant to the University of Oxford from Boehringer Ingelheim for the EASi-KIDNEY trial. KK (Kamlesh Khunti) has nothing reported. MK (Marko Korenjak) has nothing reported. AJK (Andrew J. Krentz) has nothing reported. EL (Ekaterini Lambrinou) has nothing to declare. PL (Peter Libby) is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for Abcentra, Amgen, DrugFarm, Esperion, Incyte, Kowa, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Ventyx. PL is a member of the scientific advisory board for Abcentra, Amgen, Novartis, Olatec, Xbiotech, Polygon, and Soley Therapeutics. PL’s laboratory has received research funding in the last 2 years from Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Genentech. PL declines all personal compensation from pharma or device companies. PL is on the Board of Directors of Abcentra, Inc. Dr. Libby has a financial interest in Xbiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies, in TenSixteen Bio, a company targeting somatic mosaicism and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) to discover and develop novel therapeutics to treat age-related diseases, in Soley Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that is combining artificial intelligence with molecular and cellular response detection for discovering and developing new drugs, currently focusing on cancer therapeutics. PL’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. PL receives funding support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL170000, 1R01HL163099-01, R01AG063839, R01HL151627, R01HL157073, R01HL166538), and the RRM Charitable Fund. JKM (Julia K. Mader) is a member of advisory boards of Abbott Diabetes Care, Becton–Dickinson, Biomea Fusion, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Embecta, Insulet, Medtronic, myLife, Novo Nordisk A/S, Pharmasens, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi-Aventis, Tandem, Viatris, and received speaker honoraria from A. Menarini Diagnostics, Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Medtrust, MSD, Novo Nordisk A/S, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Sinocare, Viatris, and Ypsomed. JKM is a shareholder of decide Clinical Software GmbH and elyte Diagnostics and serves as CMO of elyte Diagnostics. JFEM (Johannes F.E. Mann) has received honoraria from Cytel, Icon, Iqvia, Parexel, WCG, Sanofi, Hexal, and Novo Nordisk. NM (Nikolaus Marx) reports honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and for consulting from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. NM received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. CM (Chantal Mathieu) serves or has served on the advisory panel for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Dexcom, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Roche, Abbott, Medtronic, Insulet, Biomea Fusion, SAB Bio, vTv Therapeutics and Vertex. Financial compensation for these activities has been received by KU Leuven; KU Leuven has received research support for CM from Dexcom, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; CM serves or has served on the speakers bureau for Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Dexcom, Insulet, Abbott, Vertex, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Financial compensation for these activities has been received by KU Leuven. CM is president of EUDF. All external support of EUDF is to be found on . JJVM (John J.V. McMurray) has nothing reported. DMW (Dirk Müller-Wieland) is on advisory boards and has served on the speaker bureau for Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Oviva, Sanofi, and Sobi. NP (Nikolaos Papanas) has been an advisory board member of Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, BoehringerIngelheim, Menarini, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda and TrigoCare International; has participated in sponsored studies by Astra-Zeneca, Eli-Lilly, GSK, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Novartis and Sanofi-Aventis; has received honoraria as a speaker for Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, ELPEN, Galenica, KRKA, Menarini, MSD, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, Viatris and Vianex; and attended conferences sponsored by TrigoCare International, Bayer, Eli-Lilly, Galenica, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Viatris and Sanofi-Aventis. DCP (Dipesh C. Patel) provides advisory and educational work for Eli-Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. He is a senior advisor at Reset health and digital weight management platform- Roczen. AFHP (Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer) has nothing reported. SRT (Susanne Reger-Tan) reports honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Bayer, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis, and SinoCare, for consulting and advisory from Abbott, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dexcom, Insulet, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Aventis, SinoCare, and funded research from Abbott, Amgen, Apo Science, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Hoffmann-La Roche, Medtronic, NeoplasMed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk. HWR (Helena W. Rodbard) has nothing reported. GMCR (Giuseppe M.C. Rosano) was supported by Grant Ricerca Corrente, Italian Ministry of Health. BS (Banshi Saboo) has nothing reported. NS (Naoki Sato) received Honoraria and consulted Otsuka, Novartis, Bayer, Terumo, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Abiomed, and Medtronic. SDS (Scott D. Solomon) has nothing reported. ES (Eberhard Standl) reports personal fees from Oxford Diabetes Trials Unit, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, Merck Serono, EXCEMED, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. FT’s (Frank Tacke) lab has received research grants (funding to the institution) from AstraZeneca, MSD, Gilead, and Agomab. FT has received honoraria for consulting or lectures from Gilead, AbbVie, Falk, AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Mirum, Madrigal, MSD, GSK, Ipsen, Pfizer, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. FT is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG CRC/TR 412, Project-ID 535081457, and SFB1382, Project-ID 403224013) and under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 3118/1 – project number 533770413. PT (Pinar Topsever) has nothing reported. CW (Christoph Wanner) received honoraria for steering committee membership, advisory board membership and lecturing from Alexion, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL-Vifor, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Vera. SW (Sean Wharton) received honoraria from or served on advisory boards at Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health Canada, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, i2o Therapeutics, Merck, Metsera, NGX, Novo Nordisk, and Regeneron. SW was/is involved in research sponsored by Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health Canada, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer. SW is part of the McMaster University, York University, University of Toronto, Obesity Canada. VY (Veronika Young) is an employee of Sciarc.