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Authors
Wang, Jicai
Tu, Guangjie
Tao, Qiang
Li, Ruixi
Zhai, Hang
Hong, Shengjie
Shi, Xianjie
Zhang, Guangquan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20220530144404011)
Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20220530144404010)
Futian District key specialty funding (QZDZK-202413)
Futian Healthcare Research Project (FTWS2023037)
Outstanding Medical Innovation Talent Program of The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (YXYXCXRC202414)
Guangdong Foundation for Basic and Applied Research Enterprise Joint Fund (2023A1515220186)
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Article History
Received: 1 February 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study was conducted in line with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Before their involvement in the CHARLS study, all participants gave their written informed consent. The research design and implementation of NHANES follow the ethical principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. This study utilized data from the NHANES project that were publicly available and approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Ethics Review Board (ERB). NHANES requires informed consent from participants and ensures their privacy and information security. All of the data used in this study are deidentified, and most of the data are publicly available. The research adhered to the STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies in epidemiology.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
