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Authors
Huang, Yanqiu
Xu, Yadan
Zhang, Chenghao
Gu, Wen
Li, Yue
Zhang, Haojia
Wang, Tian
Su, Tangyi
Lhamu, Yangchen
Chen, Yichen
Zhou, Liang
Hao, Lipeng
Yang, Yang
Wang, Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82403381)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82030099)
Sailing Program of Shanghai Rising-Star Program (24YF2722700)
National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD2101500)
Innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2026ZB0556800)
Medical-Engineering Cross Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2025LC14)
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2026
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: The UK Biobank received ethical approval from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee (Approved Research ID: 194423, Approval date: October 30, 2024). All participants gave written informed consent before enrollment in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The National Center for Health Statistics and Ethics Review Board approved the protocol for NHANES, and all participants provided written informed consent. Research ethics approval was obtained from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. Each participant provided a written consent. All participants were informed and agreed to participate in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
