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Authors
Zhu, Zhang-le
Hu, Hui-fen
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2026
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Both studies were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the respective institutional review boards: Peking University’s Institutional Review Board provided approval for CHARLS(IRB 00001052–11015); ELSA was jointly approved by the Research Ethics Committee of University College London and the research ethics committees of all participating regions. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the studies.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
