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Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the combined atherogenic and frailty index with incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a longitudinal analysis based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-026-03235-8

Published Online: 2026-06-06

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Feng, Xianjing

Deng, Bi

Pan, Yinghuan

Liu, Kai

Lei, Wanting

Tang, Xin

Xia, Jian
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2025JJ60490)

the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M772003)

the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0527700/2024ZD0527704)

the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471365 and 82271369)

Clinical Research Fund of the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease (2023LNJJ14 and 2020LNJJ16)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-06-06

Version of Record valid from 2026-08-12
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Article History

Received: 24 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The CHARLS protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Peking University (IRB0000105211015). Prior to participation, all study subjects provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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