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Article History

Received: 29 March 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 29 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Based on the decision of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, the need for ethical approval was waived (decision no. PCN/0022/KB/126/20).

Consent for publication: All authors gave consent for the publication of the article.

Competing interests: U.A. received investigator‐led funding from Procter & Gamble and is a council member of the Royal Society of Medicine’s Vascular, Lipid & Metabolic Medicine Section. J.G. received remunerations/ fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi‐Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra‐Zeneca, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Bioton, Polfa Tarchomin, Medtronic, Roche, and Abbott. H.K. received remunerations/ fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi‐Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra‐Zeneca, Medtronic, and Boehringer‐Ingelheim. G.Y.H.L. is a consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Anthos, and Daiichi‐Sankyo. No fees are received personally. G.Y.H.L. is a NIHR Senior Investigator and co‐PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement No 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalized management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement No 101136244) and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long‐term conditions (grant agreement No 101080189), which are all funded by the EU’s Horizon Europe Research & Innovation programme. K.N. received remunerations/fees for activities on behalf of Sanofi‐Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Servier, Astra‐Zeneca, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Bioton, Polfa Tarchomin, Roche, and Abbott. All other authors report no disclosures. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.