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Authors
Huang, Yanqiu
Xu, Yadan
Gu, Wen
Chang, Lijun
Zhang, Haojia
Yang, Yang
Wang, Tian
Su, Tangyi
Lhamu, Yangchen
Shen, Xia
Yang, Yang
Wang, Hui
Zhou, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82403381)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82400854)
Sailing Program of Shanghai Rising-Star Program (24YF2722700)
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2026ZB0556800)
National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD2101500)
Innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai
Medical-Engineering Cross Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2025LC14)
Zhejiang Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Project (2025ZR046)
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Article History
Received: 30 April 2026
Accepted: 19 June 2026
First Online: 6 July 2026
Declarations
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: The UK Biobank received ethical approval from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee (Approved Research ID: 194423, Approval date: October 30, 2024). All participants gave written informed consent before enrollment in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The CHARLS datasets were available at . All participants provided written informed consent. All participants were informed and agreed to participate in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
