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Authors
Liu, Zhengyang
Li, Qiyu
Wang, Bo
Zhou, Ying
Dong, Yuanyuan
Tang, Bo
Yang, Hongmei
Yu, Shasha
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2026
Accepted: 24 June 2026
First Online: 5 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) was approved by the London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (MREC/01/2/91) and informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
