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Authors
Caruso, Paola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-2022
Di Martino, Nicole https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8062-3958
Longo, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-5854
Scappaticcio, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7628-2226
Bellastella, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-321X
Maiorino, Maria Ida https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-7546
Esposito, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-5154
Giugliano, Dario https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-873X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Associazione "Salute con Stile"
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2026
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 6 July 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study is a meta-analysis and did not involve direct recruitment of human participants.
: The authors didn’t use ChatGPT for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Dario Giugliano reported receiving consultancy fee from Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Astrazeneca, and Novo Nordisk; Maria Ida Maiorino reported receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi; Katherine Esposito reported receiving consultancy fees from Eli Lilly and giving lectures for Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Bayer, and Lifescan. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
