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Authors
Htoo, Phyo T.
Cho, Hanseul
Paik, Julie M.
Bykov, Katsiaryna
Everett, Brendan M.
Glynn, Robert J.
Shay, Christina
Schmedt, Niklas
Wexler, Deborah J.
Patorno, Elisabetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-9898
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Diabetes Association (4-22-PDFPM-15)
National Institute on Aging (K01AG068365)
National Institute on Aging (K08AG055670)
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (DB-2020C2-20326)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (5U01FD007213)
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 12 July 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was registered at institutional level, and the study was approved by the Mass General Brigham institutional review board (IRB 2017P000266) and signed data license agreements were in place for all data sources.
: Not applicable.
: PTH has accepted an offer of employment with Merck & Co., Inc., which will commence after completion of this study. Merck had no role in the design, conduct, analysis, or reporting of this work. DJW reports serving on data monitoring committees for Novo Nordisk, and consulting for Elsevier and UpToDate, and grants from PCORI. BME reports consulting for Janssen, Eli Lilly and Company, Provention Bio, Ipsen Pharmaceuticals, NIDDK, American Heart Association, and UpToDate and grants from PCORI and Novo Nordisk outside the submitted work. RJG reports grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Kowa, Novartis, Pfizer outside the submitted work. NS and CS are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. None for JMP and KB. The authors did not receive payment related to the development of the manuscript. Boehringer Ingelheim was given the opportunity to review the abstract for medical and scientific accuracy as well as intellectual property considerations.
