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Association between the combined cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, glucose index and frailty index and new-onset cardiovascular disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0–3: evidence from CHARLS

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-026-03293-y

Published Online: 2026-07-16

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Sun, Zhonghua

Wang, Kexue

Guo, Chiwei

Qiu, Jiajun

Wang, Wencai

Xu, Yameng

Tang, Yi

Kadier, Kaisaierjiang

Wen, Song

Zhang, Wenhong
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0503604)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-16

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-07-16
More Information

Article History

Received: 26 May 2026

Accepted: 4 July 2026

First Online: 16 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study was conducted in strict adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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