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Authors
Yu, Yue https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5005-3861
Shang, Ke https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9521-3042
Jiao, Yuemiao https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4366-6290
Zhang, Yixin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6502-421X
Chang, Sanshuai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5589-9867
Li, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-1333
Tian, Liuyang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-984X
Song, Guangyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-6132
Yin, Chengqian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9650-4978
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3600201)
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Article History
Received: 24 May 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 16 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data used in this study were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All participants in CHARLS provided written informed consent prior to data collection. Ethical approval for the CHARLS project was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All procedures in the present study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant regulatory guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
