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Authors
Liu, Mingliang
Chen, Shihang
Wu, Shi
Li, Yitong
Sun, Bei
Chen, Liming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0509203)
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality (23JCZDJC00640)
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-3-007B)
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2026
Accepted: 19 August 2026
First Online: 1 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: NHANES was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. The hospital cohort was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital (approval number: ZXYJNYYhMEC2023-50). Written informed consent was waived for the hospital cohort because of the retrospective design and use of de-identified routinely collected clinical records.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
