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Authors
Yang, Ou
Teng, Yuhuan
Zhao, Qi
Xian, Huimin
Zhang, Ruoxi
Li, Ke
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Article History
Received: 17 August 2026
Accepted: 22 September 2026
First Online: 30 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research reported in this study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval number: HG-2025-030). For the retrospective clinical cohort, the requirement for written informed consent was waived because de-identified clinical data were used. Written informed consent was obtained from participants in the prospective external validation cohort.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
