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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (X15-0454 & 2019/ETH06874). All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines, national regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their parents.

: Not applicable. This study includes only deidentified patient data. No identifiable individual information (such as names, images, or personal identifiers) is presented.

: Competing interests are declared by the following authors. I.P.S. declares honoraria speaker fees or advisory roles for Pierre Fabre, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Roche, Novartis, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has served as consultant on advisory boards for MSD and Regeneron. J.W.C has received travel fees from Biocare Medical. A.M.M. has served on advisory boards for BMS, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Pierre Fabre and QBiotics. G.V.L. is consultant advisor for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, BioNTech SE, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion Biotech A/S, Fortiva Biologics (USA) Inc, GI Innovation Inc, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics S.L., IOBiotech, Immunocore Ireland Limited, Innovent Biologics USA Inc, Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novartis Pharma AG, OncoSec Medical Australia, PHMR Limited, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Scancell Limited and SkylineDX B.V.All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

: All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.