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Article History

Received: 7 April 2024

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

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: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work and for ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The Ethics Committee of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (Shanghai , China) (Shanghai , China) approved this collection procedure and participants gave informed consent ( NO.EHBH2022-11-1 ). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for human studies. Animal experiments were performed under a project license granted by ethics board of Naval Medical University , in compliance with Naval Medical University guidelines for the care and use of animals. The maximal tumor size was less than 2000 mm 3 permitted the the Animal Care and Use ethics committee of Naval Medical University ( NO. 2022-10-22 ). The maximal tumor size in all mice involved in this study was not exceeded than 2000 mm 3 .

: The authors declare no competing interests.