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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 27 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki and the World Health Organization Good Clinical Practice guidelines and was approved by the central institutional review board of Osaka University (IRB #22349-5). The requirement for written informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study. Instead, an opt-out approach was implemented via the institutional website, allowing patients and their families to decline participation.

: NT recently established a start-up company, RevascularBio Co., Ltd., focusing on the clinical application of endothelial stem cells. AT reports receiving grants from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Taiho Pharmaceutical and Daiichi-Sankyo; and honoraria for lectures from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmacaceutical, DNA Chip Research, Eli Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, Merck BioFarma, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nihon-Kayaku, Novartis, Ono Pharmacaceutical, Pfizer, Pulmonx, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Thermo Fischer Scientific, and Tsumura outside of the submitted work. YK reports receiving honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai pharmaceutical, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Ono Pharmaceutical outside of the submitted work. KM reports receiving grants from Eli Lilly Japan, and honoraria for lectures from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Ono Pharmaceutical outside of the submitted work. MT reports receiving grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Ono Pharmaceutical; and honoraria for lectures from Asahi Kasei Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Taiho Pharmaceutical outside of the submitted work. MM reports receiving honoraria for lectures from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Kyowa-kirin, MSD, Nihon-kayaku, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, Phizer, Taiho, Takeda outside of the submitted work. Dr. Suzuki. reports receiving honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Chugai pharmaceutical, and Merck Sharp & Dohme outside of the submitted work. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.