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Article History

Received: 6 November 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involves human participants and was approved by Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Ethics Committee, ID of the study: INT 178/17. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

: All patients provided written informed consent to participate in the study, which included consent for the publication of anonymized data.

: Arsela Prelaj declares personal fees from AstraZeneca, Italfarmaco, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, BMS. Claudia Proto declares personal fees from Italfarmaco, AstraZeneca, BMS and Merck Sharp and Dohme. Giuseppe Lo Russo provided consultation, attended advisory boards and/or provided lectures for the following organizations, from whom received honoraria or education grants: Merck Sharp and Dohme, Takeda, Amgen, Eli Lilly, BMS, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Italfarmaco, Novartis, Sanofi, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca. Filippo de Braud reports having provided consultation, attended advisory boards and/or provided lectures for the following organizations, from whom received honoraria or education grants: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol- Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ignyta, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck Serono, Novartis and Pfize. Marina Chiara Garassino reports honoraria from AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD Oncology, Roche, and Takeda; consulting or advisory roles with AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daichii Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Inivata, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Takeda, and Tiziana Life Sciences; Speakers’ Bureau participation with AstraZeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene, Incyte, Lilly, MSD Oncology, Otsuka, Roche, and Takeda; and research funding from Amgen (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), AstraZeneca/MedImmune (Inst), Blueprint Medicines (Inst), Bristol‐Myers Squibb (Inst), Exelixis (Inst), GlaxoSmithKline (Inst), Incyte (Inst), Ipsen (Inst), Janssen (Inst), Lilly (Inst), MedImmune (Inst), Merck (Inst), MSD (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Roche/Genentech (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), Spectrum Pharmaceuticals (Inst), and Takeda (Inst); and travel/ accommodation/expenses from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Roche. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.