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Article History

Received: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 31 July 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Use of human and mouse tissue for NPTXR expression testing and use of human cell lines did not require institutional ethics approval because this study used commercially available, de-identified human tissue microarrays purchased from TissueArray.Com LLC (US) and ProVitro AG and commercial cell lines from ATCC (US) or CrownBio Bioscience (China). All commercial suppliers provided statements of conformity with ethical requirements; no identifiable information was accessed. All in vivo procedures performed at Rincon Bio (USA) were conducted under IACUC-approved protocols and in accordance with institutional regulations for animal care and use. Studies adhered to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and relevant reporting guidelines. In vivo procedures conducted at EPO Berlin-Buch GmbH (Berlin, Germany) were conducted in accordance with the UKCCCR regulations for the Welfare of Animals and of the German Animal Protection Law and were approved by the local responsible authorities.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: ML declares no competing interests. PS is the founder of and a shareholder in Ymmunobio AG. MJ has received honoraria from Ymmunobio AG. GW is member of the advisory board of Ymmunobio.