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Authors
Makenga, Geofrey
Gallalee, Sarah
Mkali, Humphrey
Khamis, Mwinyi Issa
Ramadhan, Abdulhamid
Ali, Mohamed Haji
Hassan, Wahida S.
Hassan, Juma
Makwaruzi, Stella
Mgata, Saidi
Gulaka, Michael
Govella, Nicodem James
Molteni, Fabrizio
Kitojo, Chonge
Reaves, Erik
Ballard, Sarah-Blythe
Serbantez, Naomi
Ikonje, Albert
Afenu, Marguerite
Mkude, Sigisbert
Smith, Jennifer L.
Mohamed, Safia
Shija, Shija J.
Gueye, Cara Smith
Gosling, Roly
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (72062122CA0008)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-024346)
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Article History
Received: 8 June 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI) [Ref. No. ZAHREC/04/PR/MAY/2023/16, dated 11th May 2023]. All participants provided written informed consent, and for those under 18 years of age, assent was obtained in addition to signed consent from a parent or guardian before participation in the study.
: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the US Agency for International Development.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
