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Authors
Fakih, Bakar S.
Seidahmed, Osama
Holzschuh, Aurel
Abdul, Ramadhan
Irema, Imani
Shija, Shija J.
Aliy, Safia M.
Ali, Abdullah
Fink, Günther
Yukich, Joshua
Hetzel, Manuel W.
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: The Ethics Commission of Northwest and Central Switzerland (EKNZ Reg-2017-00162), Tulane University (Study Number: 993573), Ifakara Health Institute IRB (IHI/IRB/No: 003 – 2017), and the Zanzibar Medical Research and Ethics Committee all granted ethical approval for the initial data collection (ZAMREC/0001/February/17). In all study districts, administrative authorization was acquired prior to conducting the study including sensitization workshops with community leaders (Shehas). Written informed consent was acquired in advance from all participants or adult and guardians of children before conducting interviews and collecting blood samples. Assent was sought from minors before any blood samples were collected. In order to ensure the confidentiality of the participants’ information, they were assigned software-generated IDs and all personal identifiers were removed from the final databases.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
