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Authors
Challe, Daniel P.
Petro, Daniel A.
Francis, Filbert
Seth, Misago D.
Madebe, Rashid A.
Mandai, Salehe S.
Budodo, Rule
Kisambale, Angelina J.
Chacha, Gervas A.
Moshi, Ramadhan
Mbwambo, Ruth B.
Pereus, Dativa
Bakari, Catherine
Mbata, Doris
Lyimo, Beatus
Kanyankole, Grace K.
Aaron, Sijenunu
Mbwambo, Daniel
Kajange, Stella
Lazaro, Samwel
Kapologwe, Ntuli
Mandara, Celine I.
Makene, Vedastus W.
Ishengoma, Deus S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ([grant number INV. 002202 and INV. 067322])
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2025
Accepted: 24 August 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
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: The ethical approval to conduct this study was obtained from the Medical Research Coordinating Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) in Tanzania with ethical clearance number Ref. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. 1X/35798 dated 16th December 2020. Permission to conduct the study in the villages was provided by the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government, and health authorities of Tanga, Kigoma, and Ruvuma regions, and districts, as well as village authorities. Informed consent/assent was sought and obtained before conducting the study from each participant or the parents/legal guardians of children. Permission to publish this paper was sought and given by the Director General of NIMR.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
