Martin, Anne C.
Kamilar, Victoria
Simubali, Limonty
Mudenda, Twig
Hamapumbu, Harry
Schue, Jessica L.
Gebhardt, Mary E.
Ali, ReneƩ L. M. N.
Stevenson, Jennifer C.
Shields, Timothy
Desjardins, Michael R.
Curriero, Frank C.
Moss, William J.
Norris, Douglas E.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI140894, T32AI138953, U19AI089680)
Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute Postdoctoral Award
Bloomberg Philanthropies
Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 13 October 2025
First Online: 7 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Zambian Tropical Diseases Research Center (TDRC) under IRB no: TDRC/ERC/2010/14/11 and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (Baltimore, Maryland) under IRB no: 00003467.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.