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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 18 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan Research Ethics Committee. Prior to conduct individual interviews and blood samples collection, all participants were explained the objectives and methods of the study. Participants who were willing to participate provided written informed consent, and in case of children less than 18 years, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians after they verbally agree to participate. Identity numbers were given to participants matching their specimens, response forms, and laboratory results to assure confidentiality of the participants information.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.