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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

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: Approval and clearance to carry on the study were sought from Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (Approval Number: MAKSHSREC-2024-761). Administrative clearance was also obtained from the District Health Officers (DHO) for the districts where these hospitals are located and facility in charges/administrators for the hospitals visited. Informed consent was not obtained as the study involved retrospective review of anonymized inpatient medical records. However, a waiver of consent to access hospital records was obtained from Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee. For qualitative data, written informed consent was provided by each consenting participant. During data presentation, only aggregated figures, not individual information, were presented in order to maintain confidentiality. Only the participants who met the eligibility criteria were interviewed by the researcher.

: The authors declare no competing interests.