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Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This investigation was in response to a public health emergency and was therefore determined to be non-research. The MoH gave the directive and approval to investigate this outbreak. The Office of the Associate Director for Science, CDC/Uganda, also determined that this activity was not human subject research, and its primary intent was public health practice or a disease control activity (specifically, epidemic or endemic disease control activity). Verbal informed consent in the local language was sought from respondents or caretakers of diseased children. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and their refusal would not result in any negative consequences. To protect the confidentiality of the respondents, each was assigned a unique identifier, which was used instead of their names.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.