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Article History

Received: 25 September 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Declarations

:

: As the study involved human participants, ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) (Ref: MUHAS-REC-03-2025-2739). Additionally, official permission was obtained to conduct interviews with personnel from the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Medical Stores Department (MSD), President's Office—Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), and selected health facilities, in accordance with institutional requirements. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki on research involving human subjects, ensuring respect for participants' rights, protection of welfare, and maintenance of confidentiality. Informed consent was obtained electronically prior to participation. Participants were provided with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits via email and Zoom briefing. Consent was documented verbally at the start of each recorded Zoom session. Participation was voluntary, and participants were reminded of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty or consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured throughout the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.