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Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 4 December 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is part of the regulatory and ethical framework of the Curema project. It received approval from the Ethics Committee of Fiocruz and the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP) under protocol number 5.507.241, granted on July 5, 2022. The study complies with the French Jardé Law No. 2012-300 on research involving human participants, Good Clinical Practices (version dated December 15, 2016), and the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants received clear information in their own language regarding the primary objective of the study (malaria) and secondary objectives related to the survey. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. All data were pseudonymized using a non-identifiable unique participant code, in accordance with the CNIL’s MR-001 reference methodology and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Curema project is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT05540470.

: Each participant to cross-sectional survey gave written consent after clear and appropriate information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.