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Authors
Brumwell, Amanda
Bemer, Meagan
Lauff, Amber
Morton, Jennifer F.
Thomas, Katherine K.
Moe, Caitlin A.
Cooper, Shawna
Humphries, Hilton
Sharma, Anjali
Pollard, Derek
Kwena, Zachary
Sang, Norton
Winters, Anna
van Heerden, Alastair
Bukusi, Elizabeth
Rech, Dino
Drain, Paul
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (#INV-050665)
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Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved in Kenya by the Kenya Medical Research Institute’s Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (Reference KEMRI/SERU/CMR/P00229-011-2022/4701), and research license granted by the Kenyan National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation. In South Africa, this study was approved by the Human Sciences Research Council Research Ethics Committee (Reference REC 8/23/11/22). In Zambia, this study was approved by ERES Converge (Reference 2023-May-004). Written consent was obtained from all individuals 18 years or older. For participants under 18, age-appropriate assent was obtained, and written consent was obtained from participants’ guardians or parents.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
