Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Merritt, Chloe
Vincenz, Claudius
Dolo, Zachary
Shedden, Kerby
Strassmann, Beverly I.
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD088521 and R21HD077465)
John Templeton Foundation (52269)
National Science Foundation program in Biological Anthropology (NSF BCS-1354814)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Informed consent was obtained from mothers and parental permission was obtained for children. IRB approval was obtained from the University of Michigan IRBMED (HUM00043670) and from La Faculté de Médecine de Pharmacie et d’Odontostomatologie (FMPOS) de Bamako in Mali (No2016/68/CD/FMPOS) in conjunction with approval by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique from 1998 (No 25/CNRST/98) to 2024 (No 2/2024-MESRS/CNRST). Annual ethical approval was also obtained at the local level.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
