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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The use of trade names and commercial sources are for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the Noul Co., Ltd. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of Noul Co., Ltd., the Ghana Health Service, Malaria Control and Elimination Programme, or any affiliated institutions.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publication and Ethics (CHRPE), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (Ref: CHRPE/AP/853/24) and the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (Ref: GHS-ERC: 021/08/24). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and from the parents or legal guardians of minors, with assent provided by children as appropriate. Participant confidentiality was strictly maintained, and all samples were anonymized before analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.