Mwebesa, Edson https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4421-5356
Agbi, Delight Mawufemor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-8419
Iha, Daniel Thoya https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8511-4898
Kogei, Dan Kipkosgei https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0042-7579
Agasa, Lameck Ondieki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3740-8865
Kerich, Gregory Kibet https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-9373
Mwangi, Ann https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5279-8622
Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 25 January 2026
Declarations
:
: This study analysed data from Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS), obtained from the DHS Program, which had no identifiable participants’ data; as such, ethical approval was not needed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.