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Authors
Oso, Tolutope Adebimpe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3587-9767
Okesanya, Olalekan John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271
Adebayo, Uthman Okikiola https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2000-7451
Ayelaagbe, Oluwatobi Babajide https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2172-2866
Ahmed, Mohamed Mustaf https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052
Obadeyi, Khalifat Boluwatife https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2544-7606
Eshun, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-0834
Saliu, Olanrewaju Mustapha https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1112-9776
Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo III https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-6365
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: We exclusively used secondary data freely accessible from the IHME database. These data are fully de-identified within the WHO HEAT software, ensuring that no individual-level personal information is disclosed. Accordingly, no additional institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained. The primary data sources underlying the IHME modelled estimates (including DHS and MIS) received ethical approval from the relevant national and institutional review boards at the time of the data collection. All analyses adhered to the international ethical standards for the secondary use of health data, including respect for confidentiality, data security, and responsible reporting.
: Not applicable, as this study did not involve individual participants or identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
