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Authors
Aung, Pyae Linn
Sripoorote, Piyarat
Soe, Myat Thu
Petchvijit, Pattamaporn
Aung, Poh Poh
Htwe, Khaing Zin Zin
Lawpoolsri, Saranath
Kaewkungwal, Jaranit
Cui, Liwang
Parker, Daniel M.
Kyaw, Myat Phone
Sattabongkot, Jetsumon
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA (U19AI089672 and D43 TW011509)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA (U19AI181583)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV028123)
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 25 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (MUTM 2017-078-08), and the Institutional Review Board of Department of Medical Research, Myanmar (Ethics/DMR/2017/077AE/2018E/2019E/2020). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their interviews. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
