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Authors
Batheja, Deepshikha
Samria, Divija
Wimberly, Michael C.
Pascual, Mercedes
Baharia, Rajendra Kumar
Mohanty, Ajeet Kumar
Desai, Vikas
Vaishnav, Keshav
Sharma, Raj
Kohli, Vijay
Sharma, Sachin
Anvikar, Anup
Murdock, Courtney
Nandi, Arindam
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI153444)
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Article History
Received: 2 June 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Cornell University Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Human Participants and from the Institutional Ethics Committee at the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Additionally, the study obtained clearance from the Indian Health Ministry’s Screening Committee (HMSC). All study personnel were approved by the IRB, and all procedures adhered to institutional requirements for human participant research. Prior to data collection, verbal informed consent was obtained from each household head or, if unavailable, an adult household representative knowledgeable about the household’s water use, health, and hygiene practices. Participants were informed of the study purpose, voluntary nature of participation, and confidentiality safeguards.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
