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Authors
Kiyaga, Shahiid
Mbabazi, Monica
Katairo, Thomas
Kabbale, Kisakye Diana
Asua, Victor
Nsengimaana, Bienvenu
Wiringilimaana, Innocent
Semakuba, Francis Ddumba
Mwubaha, Caroline
Nakasaanya, Jackie
Watyekele, Eric
Ayitewala, Alisen
Tukwasibwe, Stephen
Mulondo, Jerry
Nsobya, Samuel Lubwama
Agaba, Bosco
Maiteki-Sebuguzi, Catherine
Kamya, Moses Robert
Kateete, David Patrick
Nabende, Joyce Nakatumba
Jjingo, Daudi
Mboowa, Gerald
Batte, Charles
Ssewanyana, Isaac
Aranda-Díaz, Andrés
Dorsey, Grant
Rosenthal, Philip J.
Conrad, Melissa
Greenhouse, Bryan
Briggs, Jessica
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Makerere University School of Biomedical Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Protocols SBS-2021-167 and SBS-2024-566), the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (Protocols HS2309ES and HS5584ES), and the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board (Reference 341609). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants, with additional assent from children aged 8–17 years.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
