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Authors
Schultz, Jonathan S.
Towett, Oliver
Obiet, Kizito
Seda, Brian
Otieno, Kephas
Omondi, Dennis
Odongo, Wycliffe
Seffren, Victoria
Wafula, Philemon
Oreri, Eunice
McDermott, Daniel P.
Staedke, Sarah G.
Kwambai, Titus K.
Kariuki, Simon
Gutman, Julie R.
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Informed and written consent was obtained from all participants (or parent/guardian of participants aged < 18) and written assent was obtained from all participants aged 13 to 17. Consent/assent was obtained in either English, Kiswahili, or DhuLuo languages according to the participant’s preference. The health facility surveillance protocol was reviewed and approved by KEMRI (#2809), CDC (#6733) and LSTM (#15-003) Institutional Review Boards.
: Not applicable.
: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
