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Authors
Nguyen, An
Malama, Prudence
Lungu, Christopher
Mwanza, Mercy
Phiri, Dingase
Silumbe, Kafula
Chiwaula, Japhet
Hainsworth, Michael
Das, Smita
Roca-Feltrer, Arantxa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (IV-003212)
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2026
Accepted: 28 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study uses publicly available program data and other information collected from routine program implementation. No human subjects data are used in the analysis. The study was submitted to PATH’s Research Determination Committee for review and was determined as not human subjects research. The study complies with PATH guidelines on reducing participant risk in non-research.
: Not applicable, as the analysis does not contain any data from any individual person.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
