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Article History

Received: 12 February 2026

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was not applicable for this study, as no identifiable human participants, human tissue, or individual-level personal information were involved. All climate, malaria surveillance, and migration datasets used in the analysis were fully anonymised and obtained from established institutional data providers that routinely supply de-identified secondary data for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.