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Authors
Soko, Monica
Seffren, Victoria
Tizifa, Tinashe A.
Sayre, Dean
Steinhardt, Laura C.
Castro, Laura
Masache, Pius
Mzinza, David Twapokera
Dzinjalamala, Fraction Kunseu
Phiri, Kamija S.
Seydel, Karl B.
Gutman, Julie R.
McCaffery, Jessica
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIH Grant (1U19AI189683)
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 19 May 2026
Declarations
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: The parent study protocol was reviewed and approved by the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC) (Certificate number P.09/21/3411) and by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Human Research Protection Office Institutional Review Board (IRB; Protocol 7381). Written informed consent for survey participation was obtained from either the head of household or a household member aged ≥ 18 years; written informed consent was provided for capillary blood collection by each child’s parent or guardian. In addition, assent for blood collection was obtained from children aged seven to 14 years in the presence of their legal guardians. This study was approved by the Malawi University of Science and Technology IRB (protocol number P.07/2024/181).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
